Rog,
The only way I can think that the threaded part of the adjuster could break off the star part is if it was adjusted to the absolute max & then keep going. The leverage you can achieve with a screwdriver through the backplate may be enough to shear old possibly tired adjusters.
Continuing to lever would leave the adjuster nowhere to go linearly but you could carry on rotating till it breaks.
Fit new adjusters fully back off the handbrake cable, adjust brakes per manual & then set handbrake.
For the seals blowing out, this can be caused by overtravel of a piston in the cylinder. This may be caused by very worn out shoes (yours look OK), very worn out oversized drums, or maybe wrong sized shoes & drums.
I would measure the drum ID & also place the shoes inside the drums & look to see if they "look" OK. I.e. are the shoes approx the same radius as the drum.
I hope this helps,
Phil.